A Review of Samples of Essay Letter for College Applications

A Review of Samples of Essay Letter for College Applications Before you make your own application letter, have sometime to ask some of your buddies or you are able to surf on the internet. You're showing you have a true interest in the business and what you can do for them. Though you're already accepted, it's still important to provide a great impression to your new boss and to enable the company know you're serious about doing a great job. The ideal thing you can do to help your job search is to steer clear of cover letter examples all together. Things You Should Know About Samples of Essay Letter for College Applications A quick answer essay provides the college a beneficial window into the applicant's interests. Since our writers are experts in a variety of forms of papers, we understand how to target your college no matter the discipline you chose. Take time to consider about each question allow it to sink in, and ensure your essay actually addresses all components of t he question. You can depend on the very best essay help online. Where to Find Samples of Essay Letter for College Applications There are several different sample job acceptance letters readily available online and deciding upon the best one for you is easy as soon as you know what things to look for. It's very beneficial to take writing apart to be able to see just the way that it accomplishes its objectives. To download, click the image of the sample you need and use. Well-done samples give an education in format. Mention by name certain classes, professors, clubs and activities that you're excited to be a component of. The organization and structure also needs to be given attention. College workshop application letters are made by students who are interested in being part of a particular academic workshop which will be run within the premises of the institution. A college admission application letter is utilized by means of a student who'd love to make an application for an academic slot for a certain course provided by means of a school. If You Read Nothing Else Today, Read This Report on Samples of Essay Letter for College Applications Assuming which you want to get hired by a great company, ordinarily you'll be requested to write an expert goals essay to demonstrate that you're the most appropriate candidate to occupy the available position. Your letter should incorporate the conditions and terms of employment. At times, the simplest emails get the ideal response. Multi-step promotions,'' several letters that offer incremental value each moment, are scarily powerful. Application writing isn't the close of the world and you're able to prepare for it. Second, that you'll be a fantastic fit for the institution. Colleges publish lots and a lot of distinct kinds of things, any of which is beneficial for research. In addition to its growing cultural and ethnic diversity, State University is turning into a master at developing a niche for each and every student. What You Should Do to Find Out About Samples of Essay Letter for College Applications Before You're Left Behind Referring to sample college application essays on the internet is one of the greatest approaches to learn to compose outstanding college admission essays. Besides having an exceptional SAT score, you would have to think of the ideal college essay. Writing the college application essay can be among the most daunting components of applying to college. Writing a fantastic college admission essay requires a lot of creativity. Your college counselor can offer valuable insight into how to enhance your college application essays, so make sure to find feedback on your drafts whenever possible. Many students find it challenging to compose impressive college application essays. Regardless of what college you want to enroll at, you need to compose an admission essay. Just because you've already written a college essay for a single university doesn't mean that it may also apply on your next applications. The History of Samples of Essay Letter for College Applications Refuted It is very important to capture the interest of the admission tutors no matter how strict they may appear to be. If you're going to include details that may directly hit the requirements of the school, then it is easy to get the approvalA that you must be accepted for enrollment. Colleges care about the quantities of acceptances deeply, so it could help to understand you're a sure thing. There's a cutthroat competition in every field for students nowadays.

Societal Standards of Feminine Beauty Essay - 783 Words

While women have made historical strides in the past decades, the culture at large is bound to the narcissistic constraints about how women should look. These unattainable beauty standards, largely proliferated through the media, have drastic impacts on women and their body image. Societal standards of feminine beauty are presented in all forms of popular and alternative media, bombarding women with images that portray the ideal body. Such standards of beauty are almost completely far-fetched for most women. A majority of the celebrities and models seen on television and in advertisements are well below what is considered normal for American women. â€Å"The average American woman is 5’4† tall and weighs 140 pounds, while the average American†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"More than half of teenage girls are, or think they should be, on diets. They want to lose some or all of the 40 pounds that females naturally gain between ages 8 and 14. About 3% of these teens go too far, becoming anorexic or bulimic† (Being Truly Beautiful). Mainstream magazines and advertisements are another potent source of idealized images of women. â€Å"Findings of one study indicate that 83% of teenage girls reported reading fashion magazines for about 4.3 hours each week† (Thompson Heinberg, 1999). Female’s motivation behind reading these magazines and advertisements are to obtain information about beauty, fitness, grooming and style. Magazine and advertisements are marketed to help women better themselves by providing information and products that are supposed to make them look and feel better. â€Å"Women read these magazines with the hope that is they follow the advice given, they will be more acceptable and attractive† (Serder, Female Body Image and the Mass Media: Perspectives on How Women Internalize the Ideal Beauty standard). Marketing strategies lure women into purchasing these forms of media, and most have the potential to be a powerful influence on women’s sense of self-satisfaction with their appearance. The social comparison theory offers some level of explanation for how media images actually come to impact the way women feel about their bodies. â€Å"Social comparison theory examines how individuals evaluate themselves in relation to peers,Show MoreRelatedHow Cosmetics Affect Confidence, Body Esteem, And Self Worth1338 Words   |  6 PagesHow Cosmetics Affect Confidence, Body-Esteem, and Self-Worth Makeup, cosmetics, beauty products, these are seen everywhere in daily life. Cosmetics are used to improve facial features and aesthetic appeal. Cosmetics predate written history. In the name of beauty, extreme lengths have been taken, in order to fulfill societal expectations. How does the cultural focus on physical appearance affect women today? 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Disney’s collection of princesses have spanned over 78 years, from the first generation Disney princess movies (Snow Whi te and the Seven Dwarfs, Cinderella, Sleeping Beauty’s Aurora) to the second generation Disney princess movies (The Little Mermaid, Beauty and the Beast, Mulan, Aladdin’s Jasmine, Pocahontas) to the new era princesses (The Princess and theRead MoreVisual images Reinforce Traditional Gender and Sexuality Stereotypes948 Words   |  4 Pagesmasculine and feminine miens. An examination of print media advertisements highlights the social and cultural ideologies associated with traditional gender roles that are expected and imposed on by society. â€Å"Advertisements are deeply woven into the fabric of Western Culture, drawing on and reinforcing commonly held perceptions and beliefs† of gender and sexuality stereotypes. 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I believe that I could achieve that body from hard work and dieting, but it took years to realize thatRead MoreThe Changing Representations Of Women : The Art Of Hannah Wilke, Lynda Benglis, And Cindy Sherman846 Words   |  4 PagesChanging Representations of Women: The Art of Hannah Wilke, Lynda Benglis, and Cindy Sherman,† â€Å"S.O.S† served to attack societies popular images of women in the media. Wilkes way of presenting her body addresses what is perceived and encouraged as feminine in the phallocratic society. Holt states that by representing the scars on Wilkes body with specifically female genitalia she emphasizes the harmful stigma, which surrounds the idea of being a women; objectified and commoditized by the dominant male

Internationalization Strategies of Midland Hotel

Question: Discuss about the Internationalization Strategies of Midland Hotel. Answer: Introduction: The Midland Hotel is part of the hotel industry with the head office in Manchester, England. The hotel was established in 1903 and it was designed by Architect Charles Trubshaw in Edwardian Baroque style and design. In 2004 the hotel was bought by the Paramount Hotel group and underwent a renovation costing 12 million (Olson, Green, and Hill, 2005). The property has 312 en-suite rooms and 14 suites supported by health club and two restaurants namely the French and Mr. Coopers House Garden to take care of food and beverages needs of the guest. The French was considered to be the first Michelin-starred restaurant in England and provided the finest dining room in Manchester. The other restaurant Mr. Coopers House was renovated in 2013 and provides the best food and beverages to the food lovers in the city. The hotels capitalization is stated as 101 million. The owner define the property as grand that combines decadent glamour with four star facility and providing the customer and guest twenty-first century sophistication. This report explore the internationalization strategy of the hotel and its plan to enter the ASEAN country in particular Singapore that is considered the global business, finance and transport hub with best investment opportunities (Olson, Green, and Hill, 2005). Best Fit Strategy Singapore In the process of planning internationalization it is essential to evaluate the best market entry method establish the business in the foreign market. The various market entry methods available for companies to promote their internationalization plan are exporting, licensing/franchising, joint venture, Greenfield investment and merger acquisition (Green, 2012). Each of the market entry method is evaluated in context to the internationalization plan of Midland Hotel in the ASEAN country Singapore. Exporting This is a market entry method where the company makes the product and services in the home market and then market the product in the international market selected. There are two types of exporting and they are direct exporting and indirect exporting (Das, Roberts,and Tybout, 2007). Direct exporting is the process where the company sells the product in the international market by appointing own representative. Indirect exporting is the process where the company appoints a third party to conduct the sales in the international market. This market entry method involves less risk and investment in the international market so it is the best fit to enter any of the ten Asian countries and suitable for manufacturing business like garments, leather goods and other products that enjoys production competency in the home market (Das, Roberts,and Tybout, 2007). In context to the hotel industry it is not suitable for any of the ASEAN counties as it is not a tangible product. Licensing /Franchising This is a market entry method where the licensor provide the licensee the right to produce and market the product and sue the brand in the foreign market and get a royalty on the sales. This is another method that provides low risk and investment. Franchising is a market entry method similar to licensing and the franchisor package the success formula in the home market in terms of technical knowhow and other ingredients and offer the franchise to the foreign partner for a fee (Perks, 2009). The franchisor also provides training and marketing support. It again is less risky and low investment. The service business and retails successful in the home country expand the business using this method and it provides best fit to enter any ASEAN country. In context to Midland Hotel if they intend to avoid risk and investment they can opt for this method. It proves beneficial if the regulatory environment and other legal system in the country is a complex process. Joint venture This is a market entry method where the two companies company for new company in partnership in the foreign country to operate by sharing the risk in the new market. It also leads to sharing of knowledge and expertise to establish the business and the profit and controlling power is shared between partners as mutually agreed. This method is more risky and involves investment for the company but gives more profit and better controlling power in the foreign market (Perks, 2009). It also takes benefit of the local partner knowledge about the business environment in the foreign market to handle risk and improve the profit. In considering Joint venture as the entry method, the regulatory procedure in the country needs to be evaluated. In context to Midland Hotel it is better option to enter foreign market provided the regulatory environment is favourable. Greenfield Investment This is a market entry method where the company goes for foreign direct investment (FDI) in the foreign country and establishes the business from the ground up and includes production, distribution, marketing and sales. This method involves high investment and risk and provided high profit and controlling power as well (Blomstermo, Deo, and Sallis, 2006). In this method of entry the company needs to evaluate the political, regulatory, economic, socio-cultural and legal environment of the country to understand the risk and investment feasibility in Singapore. In context to Midland Hotel it is again viable option as sit provides complete control of operation, training, sales and control. Merger Acquisition This is a market entry method that promotes the concept of consolidation of the assets of the company. Merger is related with the process where two companies combine to form a single consolidated new entity. On the other hand acquisition is related with the process where one company buy another company and new company is formed in this process (Blomstermo, Deo, and Sallis, 2006). It is a technical process and involves legal and financial expert to complete the process. It provides power and economy of scale and help to reduce competition. This is complex process to enter any ASEAN countries. In context to Midland Hotel this is not a suitable method to enter as it involves time, effort and investment. Singapore According to the survey report of World Bank Singapore is the best country to do business in the world and it has achieved the top position for the 9th consecutive years. This report is based on the 11 criteria set to evaluate the ease of doing business namely dealing with starting business, construction permits, registering property, getting credit for business, getting electricity, protection of minority investors, trading across borders regulation, tax structure, resolving insolvency process, enforcing contracts and labour market related regulation (Chia, 2005). The ranking on each criteria is depicted in the below chart. Singapore scores well in most of the criteria and ranks as the top country with hassle free regulatory norms and business process for any company planning to enter the country. [Figure 1: 1Ranking on doing business Singapore] [Source: Doing business Singapore] Midland Hotel In context to Midland Hotel is the best fit to enter the country and it can further evaluate the business environment to as mentioned below for successfully establishing the business (Chia, 2005). Factors affecting market entry to Singapore Internationalization of Midland Hotel Political environment Low risk Regulatory environment Low risk Economic environment Economy growing at 3.9% and provides stability. Legal environment Singapore provides favourable regulation for international companies. Business culture and social culture Singapore is a multicultural country and enjoys good relation with UK Eight scales of cultural value Communicating, persuading, leading, evaluating, deciding, scheduling, disagreeing and trusting is cordial between UK and Singapore (Karimi, Yusop, and Law, 2010). Transportation Singapore has worlds best infrastructure. Learning opportunity ASEAN, OIC, NAM and UN Protection of intellectual property Governed by the Intellectual property Office of Singapore (IPOS). Singapore ranks 4th in the world and top in Asia in IP protection. Overall value of the investment UNTAD 2015 World Investment Report ranks Singapore as the largest recipient of FDI Labour market Labour force participation rate (LFPR) stands at 68.30% Availability of suitable business partners UK is the third largest trading partner of Singapore (Karimi, Yusop, and Law, 2010). Profit potential Franchise provides lower risk and Joint Venture as entry provide better profit potential compared to exporting or franchising. OK Fit strategy Malaysia ASEAN is promising as far as the tourism industry is concerned and hotel industry is biggest benefiter of this promising trend. According to UNWTO it is estimated that the tourism industry is projected to register a growth rate of 3.8% between 2010 and 2020.Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore received the maximum number of visitors and the research statistics of UNWTO states that international arrivals of tourist to Singapore and Malaysia were 25 million and 11 million respectively for the last two consecutive years. On analyzing the income contribution from the tourism sector it was found that Malaysia received an estimated toUS$21 billion while Singapore generated US$18.9 billion (Lupo et al., 2011). The tourism and culture minister of Malaysia Mohammed Nari Abdel Aziz was positive about the tourism sector and expressed his determination to develop the capacity of the industry to promote the growth and sustainability. Therefore it makes sense for Midland Hotel, a leading player in the hotel industry to consider Malaysia as the OK fit country for internationalization of their business after the best fit country Singapore. The next step in internationalization strategy after selecting the destination is deciding on the market entry strategy to enter the international market. In this regard Midland Hotel has various market entry methods as discussed above namely exporting, licensing/franchising, joint venture, Greenfield investment and merger acquisition (Lupo et al., 2011). The different entry method has its own advantages and limitation in terms of risk, profit, investment and control power associated with the market entry strategy as discussed in the above section. In context to Midland Hotel it is felt that Joint venture with local partner in Malaysia is suitable option as it provides better controlling power but requires investment. This again is related with foreign direct investment (FDI) policy of the government of Malaysia. In this it is essential that Midland Hotel needs to conduct the environmental analysis of Malaysia in context to the political system, regulatory environment related with hotel industry, economic system, legal system, business culture and social culture and relationship between UK and Malaysia, eight scales of cultural value namely (communicating, persuading, leading, evaluating, deciding, scheduling, disagreeing and trusting), transportation costs/value to weight ratio, learning opportunity of Malaysian market, protection of intellectual property in the country, overall value of the investment based on foreign exchange rates, labour market status of Malaysia, availability of suitable business partners like (suppliers, partners, customers) to form the joint venture in the country and profit potential for each entry method (Lupo et al., 2011). Factors affecting market entry to Malaysia Internationalization of Midland Hotel Political environment Medium risk Regulatory environment Medium risk Economic environment Economy growing at 6% , second highest in ASEAN Legal environment High priority to security and stability Business culture and social culture Based on the principle of neutrality and enjoys good relation with UK Eight scales of cultural value Healthy business relation with UK Transportation It is ranked 19th in the world in the quality of road, air and sea. Learning opportunity ASEAN, OIC, NAM and UN Protection of intellectual property Governed by the Intellectual property corporation of Malaysia (MyIPO) Overall value of the investment UNTAD 2015 World Investment Report ranks Malaysia as the 5th largest recipient of FDI Labour market Labour force participation rate (LFPR) stands at 67.2% Availability of suitable business partners Government support tax resident companies in Malaysia. Profit potential Joint Venture as entry provide better profit potential compared to exporting or franchising. Bad fit Strategy Myanmar Of the ten countries comprising ASEAN it is Myanmar that is stated as the worst countries for companies planning to expand business to foreign countries based on the report of World Bank ranking. The report ranked Myanmar 182nd from the 189th nations that forms part of the report. According to the report it is one of the difficulty countries for doing business and it is based on 11 areas of business regulation set as criteria for deciding the investment friendly environment (Holliday, 2005). The 11 areas include dealing with starting business, construction permits, registering property, getting credit for business, getting electricity, protection of minority investors, trading across borders regulation, tax structure, resolving insolvency process, enforcing contracts and labour market related regulation. In this regard the distance to frontier score set standard by comparing the economies of the country with regard to the regulatory best practice and how it facilitate the internation al business planning to establish their business in the country and Myanmar stands last in that comparison done for the 10 ASEAN countries. In context to Midland Hotel it is essential that the marketing team needs to evaluate the ease of doing business in Myanmar with regard to the distance to frontier score and also evaluate the business environment in the country. In this regard both ranking on doing business in Myanmar and distance to frontier score on doing business establish the fact that is bad fit for Midland Hotel to internationalization in the ASEAN country of Myanmar based on 11 areas of evaluation (Holliday, 2005). The country scores are poor for international players making it difficult to establish the business in the country. The individual score of the country in the various criteria are depicted in the chart and it is comparison to the 189 countries that for part of this world bank data. [Figure 2Ranking on doing business Myanmar] [Source: Doing business Myanmar] International business strategy Companies that plan internationalization confronts two kinds of competitive pressures in the foreign market and they are pressures for cost reductions and pressure for locally responsive and both these lead to contradictory demands on the company. The pressures for cost reductions are more pertinent in the commodity kind products that cater to universal needs and in such condition pricing factor is the tool for competition (Peng, and Khoury, 2009). The pressure for local responsiveness is the result of difference in consumer tastes and preferences, traditional practices and infrastructure, distribution channels and demand from host government. [Source: International business strategy] Based on the above factors company can choose one of the four strategy and they are Global standardization strategy This is international business strategy where the company promote enhancing profit growth and profitability by applying the cost reductions strategy and it dome improving the economies of scale, economy of location and learning effects (Peng, and Khoury, 2009). The objective is using low-cost strategy in the international market. This is applicable when demand for local responsiveness is low while cost reduction pressures are high. Localization strategy This strategy promotes enhancing profitability by making the products and services of the company to match the tastes and preferences in various national markets. This is applicable where the tastes and preference of customers are different substantially while cost reduction pressure is low (Peng, Wang, and Jiang, 2008). Transactional strategy This strategy promote low costs with the help of location economies, scale of economy and learning effects and product differentiation to match local taste and preferences across different market simultaneously. This is done by nurturing multidirectional skills flow between the various subsidiaries in the operational network of the company globally (Peng, Wang, and Jiang, 2008). This strategy is useful when both pressure for cost reduction and local responsiveness is high. International strategy This international business strategy promote the same product used in the domestic market in the international market with some customization done to suit local appeal This strategy generally used by the company where the pressures for cost reduction and pressure for local responsiveness both are low in the foreign market (Kalinic, Sarasvathy, and Forza, 2014). On evaluating the international business strategy of Midland Hotel with respect to the two pressures in the international market namely pressures of cost reduction and pressures of local responsiveness, the most suitable strategy for the hotel is the global standardization strategy. The justification for selecting this strategy is that the service provided by hotel industry is universal and the taste and preference of guest are same globally so it the pricing strategy that provides the tool to establish Midland Hotel in Singapore market (Kalinic, Sarasvathy, and Forza, 2014). Again Singapore is the global business, finance and transportation hub in ASEAN attracting investment globally and most of the hotels in the country offer the best of service to the clientele so it is obvious Midland Hotel needs to match the quality standard to launch and establish the business in this international market. It is can sue the localization strategy in the next phase once the hotel brand is establi shed and understands the nature of clientele visiting the country. Happening in the news - Business environment of Singapore To identify the attractiveness of Singapore as the best fit country for Midland Hotel it is essential to analyze the business environment like the political environment, economic environment and social environment of the country Political environment Singapores governance is based on the populist model of politics and it promotes the long term interest of country. In addition Singapore government is considered clean, realistic and effective and works in accordance with the global best practice. The country is impacted by external trade commerce and susceptible to geo-politics (Frynas, Mellahi, and Pigman, 2006). On examining the current news related with political environment of the country it was found that there no political trouble and highly attractive for international players like Midland Hotel as World Bank recognize Singapore to be bve easiest country to conduct business and top international meeting city attracting business visitor and guest globally. Economic environment The recent news related with the review of Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) state that the slow growth for the country will continue owing to the cyclical factors.MAS take a neutral stance with respect to the monetary policy keeping nominal effective exchange rate (NEER) to zero for the country (Cavusgil et al., 2014). The China slowdown impacts the economy of the country as they are the largest importing and exporting partner. MAS expect the economy of the country will exhibit 1% to 3% growth. Midland Hotel needs to consider this economic environment while launching the business in the country. Social environment In context to the social changes in Singapore there is no current news but the countrys social environment is multi-cultural, cosmopolitan with materialistic inclination for good life and with the advent of technology people use internet and mobile phones and explore online shopping (Johnson, Lenartowicz, and Apud,2006). This provides favourable social environment for Midland Hotel to enter the market and establish the business. Conclusion The report focussed on the internationalization plan of Midland Hotel and its plan to enter the ASEAN market particularly Singapore that is considered the best place in the world to don business. In this regard the market entry method namely exporting, licensing/franchising, joint venture, Greenfield investment and merger acquisition and the suitable market entry method Midland Hotel to enter Singapore market. It is decided by evaluating the best ft, OK fit and bad fit strategy for the country and examining the international business strategy namely global standardization, transactional, international and localization strategies (Cavusgil et al., 2014). Based on the evaluation it is observed that Singapore provides the best fit for Midland Hotel to execute its internationalization plan and global standardization is most suitable strategy for the hotel in the foreign market. On the other hand it is suggested that localization strategy can be used by the company in the second phase. O n the same note Malaysia proves to be OK fit country while Myanmar is bad fit and worst country internationalization so Midland Hotel should avoid it. References Blomstermo, A., Deo Sharma, D. and Sallis, J., 2006. Choice of foreign market entry mode in service firms. International Marketing Review, 23(2), pp.211-229. Bosma, N.S. and Levie, J., 2010. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2009 Executive Report. Cavusgil, S.T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J.R., Rammal, H.G. and Rose, E.L., 2014. International business. Pearson Australia. Chia, S.Y., 2005. The Singapore model of industrial policy: past evolution and current thinking. Inter-American Development Bank. Das, S., Roberts, M.J. and Tybout, J.R., 2007. Market entry costs, producer heterogeneity, and export dynamics. Econometrica, 75(3), pp.837-873. Frynas, J.G., Mellahi, K. and Pigman, G.A., 2006. First mover advantages in international business and firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ specific political resources. Strategic Management Journal, 27(4), pp.321-345. Green, M.F., 2012. Measuring and assessing internationalization. NAFSA: Association of International Educators, 1, pp.1-26. Holliday, I., 2005. Doing business with rights violating regimes corporate social responsibility and Myanmars military junta. Journal of Business Ethics, 61(4), pp.329-342. Johnson, J.P., Lenartowicz, T. and Apud, S., 2006. Cross-cultural competence in international business: Toward a definition and a model. Journal of International Business Studies, 37(4), pp.525-543. Kalinic, I., Sarasvathy, S.D. and Forza, C., 2014. Expect the unexpected: Implications of effectual logic on the internationalization process. International Business Review, 23(3), pp.635-647. Karimi, M.S., Yusop, Z. and Law, S.H., 2010. Location decision for foreign direct investment in ASEAN countries: A TOPSIS approach. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 36(1), pp.196-207. Lupo, D., Mahan, V., Ong, G., Sacco, C., Traylor, A. and Meraz, J., 2011. Doing Business in Malaysia. Culture Religion Review Journal, 2011(4). Olson, C.L., Green, M.F. and Hill, B.A., 2005. Building a strategic framework for comprehensive internationalization (Vol. 1). Washington, DC: American Council on Education. Peng, M.W. and Khoury, T.A., 2009. Unbundling the Institutionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Based View of International Business Strategy. Peng, M.W., Wang, D.Y. and Jiang, Y., 2008. An institution-based view of international business strategy: A focus on emerging economies. Journal of international business studies, 39(5), pp.920-936. Peng, M.W., Wang, D.Y. and Jiang, Y., 2008. An institution-based view of international business strategy: A focus on emerging economies. Journal of international business studies, 39(5), pp.920-936. Perks, K.J., 2009. Influences on international market entry method decisions by European entrepreneurs. International Journal of Entrepreneurship, 13, p.1.

Pygmies Essays - African Pygmies, Mbuti People, Ef People

Pygmies Pygmy groups are scattered throughout equatorial Africa, from Cameroon in the west to Zambia in the southeast. In Zaire, there are three main groups of Pygmies: the Tswa in the west, the Twa between Lake Kivu and Lake Tanganyika, and the Mbuti (also referred to as Bambuti or BaMbuti) of the Ituri Forest. According to Schebesta, the author of the earliest reliable reports, only the Mbuti are true Pygmies, i.e., under 150 cm. in height and relatively unmixed with neighboring peoples. The other groups are referred to as Pygmoids, being highly intermixed with other peoples both physically and culturally (Turnbull 1965A: 159-B). The following summary refers only to the Mbuti Pgymies of the Ituri Forest in Zaire. The Mbuti are located at lat. 0 degrees-3 degrees N and long. 26 degrees-30 degrees E. Their territory is a primary rain forest. The Mbuti have conventionally been divided into three groups, which are distinct from each other linguistically, economically, and geographically. Each of the three groups speaks a different language (which corresponds to the language spoken by neighboring villagers), practices different hunting techniques, and is territorially distinct. The Aka speak the Mangbetu language (Sudanic family), hunt primarily with spears, and live in the north. These spear-hunters have not been extensively studied. The Efe speak the Lese language (Sudanic family), are archers, and are located in the east. The Efe were studied by Schebesta. The Sua speak the Bira language (Bantu branch of the Benue-Congo family), hunt with nets, and live to the south. They were studied by Putnam and Turnbull. The most profound difference between the three groups, the linguistic difference, is, according to Turnbull, of recent origin and is purely accidental (Turnbull 1965B 22-23). Furthermore, in spite of the fact that the three languages are very different, there are enough similarities in intonation to make it possible for Pygmies to recognize, if not comprehend, each other. All of the Pygmies of the Ituri Forest recognize themselves by the term Mbuti, and the only political identity they have is in opposition to the village cultivators. The Mbuti as a whole are clearly distinct from these village neighbors both racially and culturally, and, Turnbull says, the economic differences between the three Mbuti groups mask a basic structural unity (Turnbull 1965B: 22-23). Since there has never been an official demographic census, it is impossible to give an accurate estimate of the total Mbuti population. From discussion with missionaries and administrators and from his own experience, however, Turnbull guessed that the population was approximately 40,000 in 1958 (Turnbull 1965B: 26). The Mbuti live in territorially defined nomadic bands. The membership of these bands is very fluid. Bands have no formal political structure; there are no chiefs, and there is no council. An informal consensus among old respected men is the basis of decisions affecting the entire camp. In spite of Turnbull's insistence on basic structural unity, the differences in hunting techniques aqppear to have considerable effect upon the nature of the band organization. Net hunting is a cooperative venture, requiring the cooperation of the whole band, including the women and children. Archery, on the other hand, is primarily a family venture, requiring only two or three men. The most obvious distinction resulting from the economic differences is that of band size. Archer bands average about 6 huts per band, while net-hunting bands average about 15 huts. The Mbuti maintain relationships with surrounding village cultivators whose languages the Mbuti have adopted. Many accounts indicate that the Mbuti are highly acculturated and have adopted many features of villager lifestyle beyond language, such as the clan system and certain religious observances. Turnbull feels that these features are quite superficial, however. The relationship between the Mbuti and the villagers is maintained on several different levels, centering around trade. The Pygmies bring the villagers honey and meat in return for plantation products. This economic exchange can occur on several levels: between the band and the village as a whole (capita/chief), between lineage and lineage (lineage elder/Kpara), or between individuals (kare/kare). The first type of relationship does not occur very often, exchanges being more easily conducted on an interpersonal basis. The lineage relationship is hereditary on both sides. The kare brotherhood is established in nkumbi initiations. In the nkumbi initiation, male villagers and Mbuti are circumcised. The relationship established in the initiation is continued throughout life and centers around economic exchange. The religious life of the Mbuti is not at all clear. Early reports state that they had no religion at all, and later reports dwell on whether or not the Mbuti relationship to the supernatural structurally constitutes religion (usually defined by belief in one supreme being) or magic. In

Words That Evolved from the Latin Term for Turn

Words That Evolved from the Latin Term for Turn Words That Evolved from the Latin Term for Turn Words That Evolved from the Latin Term for Turn By Mark Nichol A small group of words ending in -volve share an etymological origin of the Latin verb volvere, meaning â€Å"turn,† but they have some cousins whose family resemblance is not obvious. Here are some expected and unexpected words with that ancestor in common. The words that obviously stem from -volve include evolve, meaning â€Å"change,† â€Å"develop,† or â€Å"grow† and its noun form, evolution. That word is most familiar in reference to the scientific theory of change by natural processes over long periods of time, but it can also generically apply to any iteration. The antonym of evolution is devolution, though the word also has a neutral or positive connotation of transfer of rights or responsibilities from a central government to local authorities; the verb form is devolve. To involve is to include or envelop (the noun form is involvement), and to revolve is to turn again; revolution can refer to the repeated turning of an object (such as an engine) or to the overturning of one government in favor of another. A revolver, meanwhile, is a handgun with a rotating cylinder that positions each bullet to be fired in turn. Convolve is a rarely used word meaning â€Å"turn together,† though the noun form, convolution, is sometimes employed to refer to something with intricate turns or curves or, figuratively, something complicated, and the adjective form convoluted is common. Another unusual word, circumvolve, means â€Å"wind or wrap around†; its noun form, circumvolution, is also seldom seen. Words that also ultimately (but not obviously) derive from volvere include vault, the word for an arched or domed structure (and, by extension, any underground or similarly protected chamber), and valve, the name for a device that is turned (or, in the case of musical wind instruments, pressed) to produce a desired result. Volume, the word for a measure of sound, mass, or some other quantity (and, by extension, a collection of content), also stems from volvere, as does voluble, an adjective describing someone who speaks quickly and energetically (though it also refers to rotation), and the noun volute refers to something with a spiral or scroll shape. Volte-face is the French translation, adopted into English, of about-face, meaning â€Å"reversal† or â€Å"sudden change in attitude.† Finally, vulva, the name for the external part of female genitalia, may be related to and even descended from volvere in the sense that it appears to roll away from the vagina or to resemble a wrapper. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:5 Uses of Infinitives55 Boxing Idioms150 Foreign Expressions to Inspire You

Patterson Surname Meaning and Origin

Patterson Surname Meaning and Origin The common surname Patterson  most often originated as a  patronymic name meaning son of Patrick. The given name Patrick derives from the Roman name Patricius, which meant nobleman in Latin, denoting a member of the patrician class or Roman hereditary aristocracy. In County Galway, Ireland, Patterson was a surname often taken by bearers of the Gaelic name Ó Caisà ­n, meaning descendant of Caisà ­n  from the Gaelic casn,  or little curly-headed one. ​Surname Origin: English, Scottish, Irish Alternate Surname Spellings: Patrickson, Paterson, Patersen, Pattersen, Batterson Famous People James Patterson - American best-selling authorCarly Patterson - 2004 Olympic All-Around Gymnastics ChampionJohn Patterson - American manufacturer who helped popularize the modern cash register   Genealogy Resources If youre interested in connecting with others who share the Patterson surname or in learning more, the following resources can help: Most Common U.S. Surnames and Their Meanings: Smith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 250 common last names from the 2000 census?Patterson DNA Project: An annual publication issued under the authority of the Barnes Family Association. Several volumes are available for free viewing from Internet Archive.Patterson Family Genealogy Forum: Search this popular genealogy forum for the Patterson surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or ask your own question about your Patterson ancestors.FamilySearch: Discover historical records and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Patterson surname and its variations.Patterson Surname and Family Mailing Lists: RootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Patterson surname. Sources Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005.Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

HIstory Mu Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

HIstory Mu - Essay Example Many critics however argue that there was a power war between Hamilton and Jefferson. Jefferson was fighting for the rights of the general farmer on taking loans from the bank while Hamilton view was that the establishment of a National Bank would specifically benefit the business class and the government (Banning). Theory In February 1791, the bank bill was signed into law by Washington after reviewing Hamilton’s opinions on the constitutionality of the National Bank. Hamilton, who was a key contributor into signing of the Bank Bill into law, presented his opinions to president washing on public funding systems which were later incorporated into the Bank law (Hefner 52-59). According to a letter written by Jefferson to Washington, Jefferson presents his arguments on the formation of a national Bank and is opposed to the public funding system proposed by Hamilton. Before the Bank bill was signed into law by Washington, Jefferson had been among the first legislators to oppose t he bill. In a letter to Washington in 1791, Jefferson tries to discuss each clause in the national Bank bill and the effects it was going to have to the economy`. In 1791, Jefferson wrote a series of letters to Washington criticizing the Bank Bill which was about to be signed into law by the president. ... According to his letter to Washington in 1791, Jefferson argues that the constitution does give the give the government of united states the powers to incorporate a bank. He further argues that the powers of the bank bill were not delegated to United States by the constitution. He argues that not all powers are delegated to United States by the constitution but rather some institutions formed under the constitution should be given the powers to operate independent from the influence of the government. Jefferson, who was the head of the Department of State, was neutral during the initial stages of preparing for the formation of a National Bank. This position of being neutral did not last since the after the issue of formation of a nation bank sprout, Jefferson developed an interest to offer his opinion, which was a direct opposite of Hamilton proposals. According to his letters to Washington in 1790, Jefferson views American economy as one driven by agriculture with limited Industrial isation and manufacturing. The bank bill was created in the view that the banks would be essential for operations of United States since they would aid in the collection of revenues, dispensing debts payments, giving out loans and being used as saving point by the federal government. The constitution of the United States however, denied the government to form such an institution, which formed the basis of Jefferson’s arguments in his letters to Washington. Jefferson in his letter dated march 1790, argues that, if the government was to form a bank, it would be disobeying the constitution and that would make it worse that the government guided by the articles of confederation. Jefferson was one of the cabinet members consulted by President

Environmental Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Environmental Economics - Essay Example A crisis that is brought about by the accelerated and possible irrevocably impacts of the human activities on the nature agitate for cooperative responses by the intercontinental institutions, governments and the whole populace as well. Governance has therefore, been in the forefront to try and meet the crisis brought about by the environmental problems in the world by their efforts to pool their various experiences and knowledge of the concerned agents and institutions (Gaikwad, 2011). But it should be understood that, the augmenting scales and the gravities of the environmental concerns that are in terms of climatic changes, depletion of biological diversity and deprivation of the ecosystem service threatens to block and likely attempt by various stakeholders including global markets and all the international corporations to reach a solution (Tata Motors, 2012). This aspect has therefore, played a major role in restricting some possible prospects of the economic progress in most re gions and countries The environmental protection actions still remain inadequate in the warning face of the scientific community. The essential reforms indicate a sluggish process that necessitates a lot of diplomatic negotiations, time, energy and above everything money. An extremely serious environmental crisis has demonstrated its in capabilities in the generation of the unanimous reaction from all countries (Gaikwad, 2011). The persistence divisions among the global markets have played a major role in slowing down the advancement towards a suitable organized international environmental governance. Nature pays no attention on the social and the political obstructions and more so various environmental aspects which are meant for change that includes contamination and climatic changes that are indifferent to both borders and states. The international nature of the rooming environmental crisis tends to revoke out the outcomes of all the measures put in place unilaterally by any nati onal body or a particular institution. This therefore, raises a greater need to formulate and apply lasting means for the inter-sector collaboration derived from a holistic perspective of sustainability. A feature of cooperation is needed between the actors and the organizations who are working on the environmental problems (Srinivas, 1999). Along the Montreal protocol to eliminate materials that diminish the ozone layer, it was identified that the stratospheric ozone layer act as shelter in the atmosphere which protects lives on planet earth from the harmful ultraviolet rays. Scientists therefore, observed that, the ozone layer was getting thinner every now and then. The Nations that are UN recognized have endorsed a treaty and are forging ahead to ban the production of the substances that destroy the ozone layer while also coming up with other ozone friendly options (US Environmental

Database security in the cloud Essay Example for Free

Database security in the cloud Essay This chapter is mainly concerned with providing the research methods and the tools that were used to get the views of the respondents. They contribute a lot in the conclusion of the research. The methods that were employed in this research include sampling, questionnaires, and online surveys. With Web 2. 0 being in full force today, there are more avenues that have made it possible to get views from clients. These avenues include web forums, blogs, and review sites like ZDNet, and ZNet sites. This was a good method that was of paramount importance in this research. Use of interview This method was also a vital component of my research as its combination with other methods like observations and other statistical techniques yields optimum results. I ensured that I maintained the balance of emphasis which kept on shifting with the frame of reference and objectives of this study. Interviews also proved highly flexible especially given the fact that I handled it with care and achieved a considerably liberal atmosphere since questions that were not easily grasped by interviewees were rephrased and/or repeated emphatically and explanations given where it proved necessary. The use of interviews helped me in the study of human behaviour during the process and helped me to secure very intimate and personal knowledge about my study. However, they had the following limitations: the use this tool proved to be time consuming as I had to conduct personal visits to the sample population severally due to some absentee interviewees which forced me to conduct several revisits and some appointments that I made sure to catch up to the required information (McEvoy, Schulze, 2008). Records and documentations also helped me in analyzing the legal basis of businesses, their past, current and projected status as regards capital input and output enabling me to deduce the history of ideas, prime philosophies and scientific thoughts that come with the projections (McEvoy, Schulze, 2008). Journals were also useful in my research as I got relevant information and used it for my analysis and compilations. Expressive Documents including personal letters; life or case histories in the form of diaries and accounts of small-group processes which created a solid background for sourcing information in this research. 4. 1. 2 Use of questionnaires I employed the use of close-ended questions where I provided the respondents with a variety of choices to pick from that reflected the trends and use of Information Technology and also open ended questions in which I gave the respondents room to formulate their own answers to my questions. Although its use proved to be cost effective, easy to analyze, familiar to most of the respondents and reduced biasness, their use has shown that they have low response rates which is a real curse to statistical analysis and can reduce the reliability of the results (Jha, Merzky, Fox, 2008). But I ensured a well designated study approach to the use of questionnaires to produce consistent and high response rates. 4. 1. 3 Online surveys/use of the internet The Internet proved very interactive in providing me with relevant information besides being affordable to administer, easy to modify and gave instant results for the study. The tool also had an advantage of making it easy to automate data creation, manipulation and reporting and made it user friendly. Although the use of the internet was efficient, it still had weakness of difficulty in determining and controlling selection probabilities, which is a hindrance to quantitative analysis of data collected (McEvoy, Schulze, 2008). 4. 2 Procedures The results were from 5 companies which have widely dealt with cloud computing and are concerned with the security of the databases stored in the clouds. These companies have their representatives and program officers who were very helpful in this research. This is because they are the leading in the development and development of cloud computing. Data was collected using SPSS program. The views from the employees of these companies were captured in a questionnaire which was sent online. They were asked how they perceive their achievement of the database security in cloud computing. They were then asked of their personal feel of the extent to which the war against attacks in the cloud has been achieved. In part 1, the respondents were told to give the things they feel are important when one is implementing cloud computing. They were told to give the issues they feel were paramount in implementing security in cloud computing environments. Participants were then asked a series of questions related to database security in cloud computing: the type of cloud computing they wish to implement (attribute vs. consensus), the type of information source (personal vs. impersonal), type of heuristics (independent self-related vs. interdependent self-related), decision speed, consideration set, product involvement, and product knowledge. In part 2, participants were asked a series of individual differences in their technologies they wished to b implemented. In part 3, participants were presented with demographic questions such as age, gender, nationality, race/ethnicity, and cultural identity. Once a participant finished the questionnaire, he/she was thanked and dismissed. McEvoy, G. , Schulze, B. (2008). Using clouds to address grid limitations. In Workshop on Middleware for Grid Computing (article 11). Retrieved May 19, 2010, from ACM Digital Library database. Jha, S. , Merzky, A. , Fox, G. (2008). Cloud computing and grid abstraction. Retrieved on May 17, 2010, from Open Grid Forum Web site: http://ogf. org/OGF_Special_Issue/cloud-grid-saga. pdf

Milton Friedman Essay examples -- Biography Biographies Essays

Milton Friedman Milton Friedman has been credited with many different achievements, including being one of the most effective advocates of economic freedoms and free enterprise, being the greatest economist to ever walk the face of the earth, and proving every single word that Lord Maynard Keynes ever said to be wrong. Why these may or may not all be true, it is obvious that Friedman was a brilliant man of many accomplishments. Milton Friedman was born on July 15th, 1912 in New York City. His parents were poor immigrants and his father died when he was a senior in high school. Despite all of these obstacles he had to overcome, Friedman received a scholarship to Rutgers University and got his B.A., an M.A. in 1933 from the University of Chicago, and a Ph.D. in 1946 from Columbia University. He worked as a research assistant to Henry Schultz at University of Chicago until 1937 when he started working with the National Bureau of Economics. There he jointly published the book Incomes from Independent Professional Practice with Simon Kuznets, which also served as his doctoral dissertation at Columbia. This book introduced the concepts of permanent and transitory income. In 1933 Milton Friedman met Rose Director, a fellow Economics student, and six years later they were married. Rose and Milton have collaborated on quite a few books and essays, and have established the Milton & Rose D. Friedman foundation, which promotes School Choice, which will be explained in more detail later. In 1976 Milton Friedman won the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences "for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory, and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy." Milton Friedman coined the terms "only money matters" as his emphasis on the role of monetary policy in the United States economy. Friedman is perhaps the most effective advocate for free enterprise and monetarist policies from 1945-1985. His only rival among economists of the 20th century would have to be Keynes. As well as being a Nobel Prize winner and just an overall brilliant man, Friedman served as Senator Barry Goldwater's informal economic advisor in 1964 and for Richard Nixon in 1968, then as President Nixon's advisor. He served as President Reagan's Economic Advisor on his Advisory Board in 1981. Friedman was awarded the Presidentia... ...n acceptable level. Another one of Friedman's strongest and most well known opinions was on the Federal Reserve and how it is practically useless. Friedman being the big free-market capitalist that he is, thinks that the Federal Reserve acts stupidly, rashly and doesn't take the time-lag into respect when making their dramatic decisions. Friedman also blames most of the economic instabilities on the federal reserve's action. Milton Friedman has definitely been one of the most influential economists of the 20th century. His discoveries and theories in monetary policy, school choice liberalism and inflation relations impact economic history in a way only a few people can do. He and his wife Rose are now running the Foundation for school-choice and have just published Two Lucky People: Memoirs. Bibliography: Friedman, Milton. Bright Promises, Dismal Performance: An Economist's Protest. New York: HBJ, 1983. Friedman, Milton and Rose. Free to Choose: A Personal Statement. New York: HBJ, 1980. Hodges, Michael. Milton Friedman- A Tribute by MWHodges. May 2001. September 2001. Walters, Alan. A Dictionary of Economics, The New Palgrave. Vol.2, 1987. Pp.422-427.

History of Western Society Ch 13 Outline

History of Western Society Sixth Edition Chapter 13 Outline I. The Evolution of the Italian Renaissance A. Economic growth laid the material basis 1. Cultural achievements of the 14th to 16th centuries 2. Northern Italian cities led the way 3. Advances in ship construction greatly increased the volume of goods that could be transported; improvements in the mechanics of sailing accelerated speed 4. Italian renaissance appeared in Florence 5. The economic foundations of Florence was so strong that even severe crisis could not destroy the city 6.Driving enterprise, technical know-how, and competitive spirit saw Florence through the difficult economic period of the late 14th century B. Communes and Republics 1. The Northern Italian cities were communes, sworn associations 2. Groups tied by blood, economic interests, and social connections 3. A properly qualification, years of residence within the city, and social connections 4. In the 15th century, political power and elite culture enter ed on the princely courts of despots and oligarchs C. The Balance of Power Among the Italian City States 1. Passionate attachment to their individual city states . The kingdom of Naples had long been disputed by the Aragonese and by the French. 3. In the peace treaty signed at Lodi in 1454, Venice received territories in return for recognizing Sforza’s right to the duchy 4. Renaissance Italians invented the machinery of modern diplomacy 5. In a number of fiery sermons between 1491 and 1494, Savonarola attacked what he considered the paganism and moral vice of the city 6. The invasion of Italy in 1494 by the French king Charles VIII 7. In 1508 his cousin and heir, Louis XII, formed the league of Cambrai II. Intellectual Hallmarks of the RenaissanceA. The Renaissance was characterized by self-conscious awareness among the 14th and 15th century Italians 1. Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374) considered the first two centuries of the Roman Empire to represent the peak in the developme nts of human civilization 2. The Renaissance manifested itself in a new attitude toward men, women, and the world B. Individualism 1. Middle Ages had seen the appearance of remarkable individuals 2. Large literature with the nature of individuality emerged, represented the flowering of distinctly Renaissance individualism C. Humanism 1.Humanism emphasized human beings, their achievements, interests, and capabilities 2. Renaissance humanists approached the classics differently D. Secular Spirit 1. Secularism involves a basic concern with the material world instead of with the eternal world of spirit 2. Humanist Lorenzo Valla (1406-1457) defends the pleasures of the senses as the highest good 3. Papal interests, which were far removed from spiritual concerns, fostered, rather than discouraged, the new worldly attitude III. Art and the Artist A. The subject matter of art through the early 15th century as in the Middle Agrs, remained overwhelmingly religious 1.In the 14th and 15th centu ries, a large, intricately carved wooden bed, a chest, and perhaps a bench served as its sole decorations 2. Florentine Masaccio (1401-1428) inspired a new style, realism, the new international style B. The Status of the Artist 1. The Renaissance artist was considered a free intellectual worker 2. The social status of the artist of genius was immortally secured IV. Social Change A. The Renaissance changed many aspects of Italian, and subsequently European, society 1. Renaissance culture witnessed a shift in the status and experience of women B. Education and Political Thought . One of the central preoccupations of the humanists was education and moral behavior 2. In the 16th and 17th centuries, The Courtier was widely read 3. No Renaissance book on any topic, however, has been more widely read and studied in all centuries since its publication (1513) C. The Printed Word 1. By the middle of the 15th century, paper was no problem 2. Gutenberg’s Bible of 1456, movable type had b rought about radical changes 3. Since books and other printed materials were read aloud to illiterate listeners, print bridged the gap between written and oral cultures D. Clocks . The English word quantification was first used in 1840 2. Mechanical clocks, usually installed on the cathedial or town church, were in general use in Germany by the 1330’s, in England by the 1370’s, and in France by the 1380’s 3. The status of upper-class women declined, in terms of the kind of work they performed 4. Laura Cereta (1469-1499) illustrates the successes and failures od educated Renaissance women 5. Women, of course, continued to perform economic functions 6. In the years 1338- 1358, rape was not considered a serious crime against either the victim or society 7.In the 11th century, William the Conqueror had decreed that rapists be castrated E. Gender and Culture 1. The term homosexuality was coined only in 1892 2. On April 17th, 1432, the Florentine government set up a s pecial magistracy, the Office of the Night F. Blacks 1. The beginning in the 15th century, sizable numbers of black slaves entered Europe 2. In 1491 Isabella of Este, duchess of Mantua, instructed her agent to secure a black girl between four and eight years old V. The Renaissance in the North A. Last quarter of the 15th century, Italian Renaissance thoughts inspired northern Europe 1.There More found the time to write Utopia (1516), which presents a revolutionary view of society. 2. Francois Rabelais (1490? -1553) possess a distinctly secular flavor and have attracted broad readership among the literate public 3. Many of Bosch’s paintings reflect the confusion, and anguish often associated with the end of the Middle Ages VI. Politics and the State in the Renaissance (CA 1450-1521) A. Louis XI, Henry VII, and Ferdinand and Isabella in Spain had been labeled as â€Å"new monarchs† B. France 1. In 1438 Charles published the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges 2.In 1516 the new treaty, the Concordat of Bologna, approved the pope’s right to receive the first year’s income of new bishops and abbots C. England 1. Between 1455 and 1471, adherents of the ducal houses of York and Lancaster waged civil war, the Wars of Roses 2. The council dealt with real or potential aristocratic threats through a judicial offshoot, the court of Star Chamber D. Spain 1. The centuries-long Reconquista- the wars of the northern Christian kingdoms to control the entire peninsula 2. In the administration of Castile, â€Å"New Christians† held the royal secretary ship

Various Forms of Organizations

YOU DECIDE PAPER 2 Part I:   Discuss the various forms of organization that are available to Penelope, Mark and John The various forms of organization available to Penelope, Mark and John are: GENERAL PARTNERSHIPS: A general partnership is a business organization formed when 2 or more individuals or entities form a business for profit. All partners share in the management and in the profits and decide on matters of ordinary business operations by majority of the partners or by percentage ownership of each partner. Each partner is liable for all business debts and bears responsibility for the actions of the other partners.Each partner reports partnership income on their individual tax return. A partnership dissolves on the death or withdrawal of a partner unless the partnership agreement provides otherwise. Partnerships are relatively easy and inexpensive to form and require few ongoing formalities. LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY: A limited liability company is a new and flexible busines s organization of one or more owners that offers the advantages of liability protection with the simplicity of a partnership, i. e. partners are not liable for business debts.Each partner reports business income on their individual tax return. LLCs may dissolve on the death or withdrawal of an owner depending on state law. An LLC is not appropriate for businesses seeking to become public or raise capital. LLCs require few ongoing formalities but usually require periodic filings with the state and also require annual fees. LLCs are more expensive to form than partnerships. CORPORATIONS: A corporation is a legal entity that has most of the rights and duties of a natural person but with perpetual life and limited liability.Shareholders of a corporation appoint a board of directors and the board of directors appoints the officers for the corporation, who have the authority to manage the day-to-day operations of the corporation. Shareholders are generally liable for the amount of their i nvestment in corporate stock. A corporation pays its own taxes and shareholders pay tax on their dividends. However, in a subchapter S corporation, shareholders report their share of corporate profit or loss in their individual tax return. The corporation is its own legal entity and can survive the death of owners, partners and shareholders.A corporation is the best entity for eventual public companies. Corporations can raise capital through the sale of securities and can transfer ownership through the transfer of securities. Corporations require annual meetings and require owners and directors to observe certain formalities. Corporations are more expensive to form than partnerships and sole proprietorships. Corporations require periodic filings with the state and also require annual fees. (COMMON FORMS OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATION  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ http://www. tulsascore. org/organization. tml) PARTNERSHIPS: Partnerships are unincorporated businesses. Like corporations, partnerships are sepa rate entities from the shareholders. Unlike corporations, partnerships must have at least one General Partner who assumes unlimited liability for the business. Partnerships must have at least two shareholders. Partnerships distribute all profits and losses to their shareholders without regard for any profits retained by the business for cash flow purposes. (LLCs are taxed as partnerships, unless they choose to be taxed as corporations. of   organization you believe will be best and be sure to explain the reasoning for your choice. In my opinion, a Limited Liability Company would be the best choice for them to form as it provides easy management and â€Å"pass-through† taxation (profits and losses are added to the owner(s) personal tax returns) like a Sole Proprietorship/Partnership, with the liability protection of a Corporation. Like a corporation, it is a separate legal entity; unlike a corporation, there is no stock and there are fewer formalities.The owners of an LLC ar e called â€Å"Members† instead of â€Å"Shareholders†. So in essence, it’s a like a corporation, with less complicated taxation and stock formalities. The heart of a Limited Liability Company is known as the â€Å"Operating Agreement†. This document sets the rules for operating the company and can be modified as the business grows and changes. Operating an LLC is less formal than a corporation, usually only requiring an Annual Members’ Meeting and Members’ agreeing to changes of the Operating Agreement and other major company decisions.Provides the liability protection of a corporation without the corporate formalities (Board meetings, Shareholder meetings, minutes, etc. ) and extra levels of management (Shareholders, Directors, Officers). Taxed the same as a sole proprietorship (1 Member LLC) or partnership (2 or more Members). (Which Type of Business Entity to Choose? http://www. mynewcompany. com/entity. htm) Part III:   Discuss the ta x consequences of contributing cash, property and/or services to the new entity. Contributions of appreciated property to an LLC, however, are generally tax free and there is no ownership or control requirement.There are ordinarily no federal income tax consequences when a person contributes property or services to an LLC, but there are some exceptions to this rule that you should keep in mind when planning for contributions by new or existing members of LLCs. Under IRC  §721(a), a contribution of property to an LLC is generally tax free to both the contributor and the LLC. There is no 80 percent control requirement to obtain tax-free treatment for a contribution to an entity taxed as a partnership as there is for a contribution to a corporation under IRC  §351.Therefore, a contribution of property to an LLC will be tax free even if the contributor obtains only a relatively small interest in the LLC in exchange. Part IV:   Discuss, in detail, how this entity is taxed (if at al l) and what filing requirements it has with the IRS Limited liability companies that are subject to the partnership tax rules are not responsible for actually paying the tax on business earnings, but are responsible for preparing annual partnership tax returns on IRS Form 1065.This return is for informational purposes only; all income, deductions and credits are reported by each individual owner. The LLC reports each owner's share of these amounts on a Schedule K-1 at the end of the year. In this situation, if Penelope, Mark and John earn $120,000 and have $60,000 of deductible business expenses, then each of them will receive a Schedule K-1 with $40,000 of earnings and $20,000 of deductions. Each of them must then report these figures on their personal income tax returns.Essentially, the business will increase their personal taxable income by $20,000. (LLC Tax Filing Rules – Tax Basis in LLC Interest: In general, the initial tax basis of a member who acquires an LLC interest from the LLC will be equal to the amount of money and the tax basis of any property that the member contributes to the LLC in exchange for such interest. The tax basis thus determined will be increased by such member's share of the LLC's liabilities, by its share of the LLC's income, and by any subsequent capital contributions.The member's tax basis will be reduced (but not below zero) by the member's share of LLC distributions and losses and also by any decrease in such member's share of the LLC's liabilities. IRC  § 752 embodies the statutory rules for sharing LLC liabilities. That Section provides that any increase in a partner's share of a partnership's liabilities, or any increase in a partner's individual liabilities by reason of assuming a partnership's liabilities, will be considered a contribution of money by such partner to the partnership.Conversely, any decrease in a partner's share of a partnership's liabilities, or any decrease in a partner's individual liabilities by reason of a partnership assuming such liabilities, will be considered a distribution of money to the partner by the partnership. Unfortunately, the statute does not provide for the manner in which a partner's share of liabilities will be determined. Instead, one must look to the Regulations. (Federal Income Taxation of LLC Members – http://www. mmmlaw. com/media-room/publications/articles/federal-income-taxation-of-llc-members)This last exception is the most important. In some circumstances, a court might say that the LLC doesn’t really exist and find that its owners are really doing business as individuals, who are personally liable for their acts (LLC Business Basics – http://articles. bplans. com/small-business-legal-issues/llc-basics/186) Cited Sources: COMMON FORMS OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATION  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ http://www. tulsascore. org/organization. html Types of Business  Organizations: 6 Forms of Business for IRS  Purposes http://taxes. about. com/od/taxp lanning/a/incorporating_2. tm Which Type of Business Entity to Choose? http://www. mynewcompany. com/entity. htm Contributions to LLCs – http://www. alberty. com/newsletter_summer01. html How LLC Members Are Taxed – http://www. nolo. com/legal-encyclopedia/how-llcs-are-taxed-29675. html Tax Implications: LLC Versus S Corporations – http://www. hutchlaw. com/library/tax-implications-llc-versus-s-corporations LLC & Asset Protection – http://www. ehow. com/about_6563015_llc-asset-protection. html LLC Business Basics – http://articles. bplans. com/small-business-legal-issues/llc-basics/186

The Rain Man essays

The Rain Man essays The Rain Man is a movie about Charlie Babbit played by Tom Cruise and his autistic brother Raymond Babbit also known as The Rain Man who is played by Dustin Hoffman. As Charlies father dies he thinks he is the only child in the family and thinks his father is going to leave his estate worth over three million dollars to him. But after finding out he had an autistic older brother he found out that the only things left for him was the 49 Buick convertible and his fathers prized rosebushes. The estate was to be put into a trust fund to another beneficiary. The money was to be spent by a trustee to carry out his father's wishes. He then found out that the trustee was a doctor at Walbrook and he was supposed to use all the money needed to care for his brother Raymond. In this movie Charlie shows narcissism by his greed for his fathers estate. Because his business was having financial difficulties, Charlie is in need of his fathers estate. He believes he is the only child in the family so he thinks he is going to be left with everything his father owns but when he finds out he had an older brother he is terrified. He felt as if he had been cheated out of his inheritance because his brother got all the money and all he was left with was the 49 Buick convertible and the prized rosebushes. He felt as if he should have received half of the money for the estate. This then leads to isolation which is showed by him trying to do everything to get half of that estate. He goes to Walbrook to try to get the doctor who is the trustee to give him half of the estate and the doctor refuses. To get the money he thought he should have, Charlie decides to take Raymond home with him. He removed Raymond from the institution where he had lived for many years and they started for California. He then realizes that his brother is good with counting cards while they are being shuffled so Charlie decides to stop in Reno, N...

How to proofread business documents - Emphasis

How to proofread business documents How to proofread business documents The meeting room is booked and youre waiting for your clients to arrive. The reception is strangely quiet and no-one turns up. Its a mystery. After 15 minutes, you resort to re-reading the invitation you sent out, and a horrible realisation dawns on you: instead of writing there will now be a meeting, you wrote there will not be one. Such a costly mistake is down to a simple slip of the fingers that could have been picked up through proper proofreading, of course. But such a simple-sounding process is not so simple to get right unless you know the proper techniques. Love is blind As the writer of a document, its harder to spot any errors in it. You know what you meant to say, and so your brain will conveniently skip over missing words, typos and jumbled sentences. For this reason, its always best to get someone else to proofread your work. But even then, if your colleague doesnt have a toolkit of proofreading techniques, they can wade through your words without really improving your work. Whether youre writing for an internal or an external audience you need to make sure that your writing is accurate. This means always checking your work (and that of others) thoroughly. A speedy skim before you hit the send button or distribute a document will rarely be enough. It is one thing for your colleagues or clients to snigger over a humorous typo and quite another to find yourself in legal or financial hot water because of an overlooked error. So follow the tips below to make sure your business writing says what you want it to. Seven ways to proofreading success Print out a hard copy while proofreading on screen. Arm yourself with two copies. Its likely that errors will stand out in one version even if youve glided over them in the other. Ensure the document makes sense. Correcting grammar and punctuation can often seem to be the point of proofreading. But your top priority should be ensuring the document is readable. If its difficult to understand, change it. Remember, plain English is best, so weed out all the complicated words and replace them with no-nonsense alternatives. Use your computer spellchecker. But remember that Bill Gates doesnt have all the answers. Your spellchecker doesnt read for sense, only accuracy it doesnt know whether you mean mountain peak or peek. So dont be a slave to it. Always use a dictionary if youre not sure. Use a pencil to point to every single word. Scientists have found that in normal reading we dont scan every word. Instead, our eyes move in little jumps, fixating on key words. Using a pencil and ruler slows your brain down. Check the title or headline. Its easy to overlook the most obvious thing on the page and get bogged down in the details. Also, make sure the title is relevant to the document. Check telephone numbers by calling them. Its surprisingly easy to transpose numbers when writing them. Misplacing one digit can ruin a marketing campaign, for instance. Dont waste valuable time and money by sending out documents with incorrect phone numbers. Make sure youre not the only person to read the last proof. If the document is important and youre the only one whos seen it, hold fire until you can get a second pair of eyes to see it. Show your colleagues these proofreading tips and make sure they follow each one before giving you the go-ahead. Getting to the good stuff You now have a beautifully proofread piece of work thats grammatically correct, accurate and makes sense. But unless its written in a punchy style, you cant guarantee that your readers will sit up and take notice. The next step is to read through and make sure that every word counts. For instance, you may be able to squeeze a whole paragraph into a short newsletter item simply by removing wasteful words here and there. Change It was some time in the long hot summer of 1976 to In the summer of 1976 for example. Unless youre writing a novel (or a piece about the weather), you can take out the adjectives. Your readers will thank you for getting to the point. And if you improve your colleagues work, theyll no doubt be grateful that youve helped them shine. Just make sure you get someone else to proofread your handiwork! Take heart though because some small errors will always slip through. So, if youve done the writing equivalent of skidding on a banana skin, dust yourself off with pride. The meeting can wait practising your proofreading cant. Robert Ashton is the Chief Executive of Emphasis. From proofreading to document structure, the active voice to keeping it short and simple, we can help you write better documents. See our courses for individuals or our courses for groups. Alternatively, send us a message or call one of our friendly advisors on +44 (0)1273 961 810

How might a seaside resort in 1870 be expected to differ from the same Essay

How might a seaside resort in 1870 be expected to differ from the same resort in 1930 What accounts for the changes - Essay Example People began to filter into the cities to find work and thus seashore towns were developed. Many of the first settlers along the seashore began to open up boarding houses and hotels. The wealthy stayed in hotels and the less wealthy people used the boarding houses. The first boarding houses rented for a fee of $8 – 12 a week for room and board and often included meals and a wagon ride through the cornfields to the beach. As an example, Point Pleasant Beach, New Jersey developed in the 1870s as a destination for visitors through Captain John Arnold. He retired from a sea career and bought land in Point Pleasant Beach. He built a railroad to the ocean, which is now known as Arnold Avenue. As in other seashore towns, the railroad was the most influential factor in development and tourism of seashore towns. The 1870s were an era of major tourism expansion brought on by developers who bought and subdivided old farms for vacation home lots. In 1877 The Point Pleasant Land Company bo ught a 250 acres farm and began selling lots. To attract buyers, a Resort House was built and began a horse-drawn trolley service for tourists. The Resort House was a four-story hotel type structure that housed 200 guests, and was the largest building in town. The resort featured shaded oak and locust trees, a manicured lawn and a clear view of the beachfront dunes. The inside included a ballroom and bowling alley, which was very upscale for that time. Several other hotels and boarding houses were built similar before the turn-of-the-century. Some of the hotels advertised access to New York and Philadelphia trains, trolley lines, water works, electric lights plants and no mosquitoes. Many of these hotels burned to the ground due to being wood structures and others lost business due to changing tastes in lodging. The first beachfront pavilion was constructed in 1880, and ten years later the first boardwalk was built. The first boardwalk was very flimsy and washed away within two year s. During the Victorian period rapid growth in population began in the seaside resorts. The railways made if possible for visitors to travel to the seashore, and it became much more affordable. The seashore had a nostalgic draw to people as a focal vacation point. A seaside holiday was considered very charming at that time. Again, only a few ordinary people owned cars or telephones until the 1950s. Even when televisions became available, they were very expensive for the average family. The working class worked hard all week in factories, offices, shops and mines and very rarely had the opportunity to travel. However, it became popular to set aside a time during the year to take a seaside holiday. This was popular both in England and the Americas. Traveling to the seaside became popular when it was decided that the sea and bathing in the sea was good for your health. Dr. Richard Russell advocated the use of seawater in bathing and in drinking to treat many early illnesses, in the lat e 1700s. So it became fashionable for the rich especially to visit the seashore. For people of England a railway trip to the seaside and a week or two-holiday stay at a resort was the highlight of the year. The popularity of holiday seaside trips grew until it became popular to take trips abroad to experience different lifestyles. This became very popular with the wealthy, as the ordinary person could not afford such luxuries. Just as the industrial revolution helped build the

Applying for Scholarship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Applying for Scholarship - Essay Example Moreover, I plan to buy multistoried family homes which can be used for rent out; it will prove to be an earning stream for me. In recent times, there has been growth in the entrepreneur businesses and I have expertise in identifying and implementing the new, highly innovative ideas. Additionally, I am looking forward for this scholarship as it will allow me to polish my competent abilities required in this field. At present time, I have insufficient funds available for carrying out my education and this scholarship will allow me to move ahead in my lucrative career. I believe I am eligible for this scholarship as my past academic records show that I am a hard working and intelligent student. Besides possessing extraordinary capabilities, all of my results are in distinction ranges which are proofs of my determination and passion for studies. I have even achieved top ranks in extracurricular activities as I keep good balance between my studies and additional activities. Thus, I deserve the real estate scholarship which will assist me in making my career in this field and will help me in moving ahead in the field

Security Risk Assessment and Audit into the connection of the internal Essay

Security Risk Assessment and Audit into the connection of the internal network with the Internet - Essay Example Information confidentiality is maintained by preventing unauthorized persons from accessing vital system information. Integrity handles an aspect that prevents that information from being manipulated by other external sources. Data should also be available for use when required by the relevant parties and not hoarded by other system resources. It is thus fundamental to protect these aspects of data in order to ensure that information within an organization is secure. In order to ensure appropriate security management of information within an organization, it is vital that the mission statement and the charter be defined for reference. The mission statement outlines the overall goals that the information security program within the organization seeks to achieve and provides guidelines necessary for strategic direction. The charter, on the other hand, avails provisions for the specific rights and privileges granted to the security team members from the organization. 1.2 Justification f or use of a security metrics program A security management program cannot be complete without the use of security metrics (Dexter, 2002). These are used to show the changing maturity of an information security program over time. The combination of metrics and reporting tools can be used to display the results and outcomes of past investments in information security and guide decisions for future information systems. 2.0 IT Security Management It security risk management is considered a series of steps that are undertaken to ensure the safety of information within an organization. It is a continuous process that begins from the process of assessment right down to implementation. And even after implementation, the process loops back to assessment because risks to information networks are diverse and constantly change necessitating the iterative process (Sennewald, 2011). This process is detailed below: Figure 1: An iterative process to IT security Management Risk assessment is the ini tial step that involves the identification of potential threats to the information networks ((Boyce & Jennings, 2002). Based on the results of this assessment, an appropriate policy is developed to maintain a secure protection framework. This includes the development of security guidelines, assigning security responsibilities to members of staff and implementing total technical security protections. Once this has been achieved, a series of compliance reviews and re-assessment activities are conducted to provide assurance that the security controls have been properly implemented. This information is collected through a process of periodic audits on the system (Purser, 2004). 3.0 Differences between a Security Risk Assessment and Security Audit 3.1 Security Risk Assessment This is conducted at the beginning of the process of security management to identify areas of change. It is often referred to as the baseline study that will be used to depict the amount of change that the organizat ion has gone through since the last assessment (Snedaker & McCrie, 2011). It includes an analysis of all the assets and processes that relate to the system. It also identifies all the threats that could affect

Reforming the Legal Rights of Patients in Pakistan

Reforming the Legal Rights of Patients in Pakistan â€Å"If they are unwilling to understand your pain make them feel it.† Kevin Schaller THE PROPOSED LEGISLATION TO RECTIFY DEFICIENCIES IN THE LAW Background One sentence triggered me to work on the patient rights which is a Doctor be treated as patients to make them realize that how hard is it to be a patient’. In Pakistan the basic fundamental rights of patients globally acknowledged (Right to Information; Right to Consent; Right to Free Choice; Right to Privacy and Confidentiality; Right to Respect of Patients’ Time; Right to the Observance of Quality Standards; Right to Safety; Right to Avoid Unnecessary Suffering and Pain; Right to Complain; and Right to Compensation; Right to Preventive Measures; Right of Access; Right to Innovation and Right to Avoid Unnecessary Suffering and Pain) have not been adequately secured by the law, especially rights breached through malpractice and negligence by the medical vocation and the main reason being the inability of the aggrieved patients to file ‘Suit for the Recovery of Damages etc.’ in court of law under tort being incognizance about these rights that have not been legislated and are predicated on the unwritten common law. We overviewed the domestic legislation about the patients’ rights that enabled us to point out gaps and deficiencies in the domestic legislation in the cannon of patients’ rights which are being violated by healthcare providers. This work will enable the legislators in ameliorating the quality of life of patients. The rectification if only possible if special legislation is made keeping in view the deficiencies, gaps and lapses in the domestic legislation. Thus, bringing the gaps and ambiguities, subsisting in the domestic legislation, in the lime light is additionally desideratum of hour if this country is solemnly wishes to amend the quality of human rights bulwark in patients care in Pakistan. Due to absence of any statutory legal framework the healthcare provider’s elaborate their own code, charter, code, rules and regulation with immunity or case law. While recognizing not only that doctors owe a fundamental duty of care to their patients but also that there is need to reform the present legal framework of the profession, it is essential to ensure that the focus of all reform is on distinguishing those doctors that act in good faith and to the best of their ability from those that are negligent, rash or reckless and on punishing only the latter with appropriate and objective severity. A solution lacking this balance will drive out any good doctors that may still remain in the country and leave the field open to their less vigilant peers to play with the lives of patients according to their whims. The Proposed Title of legislation: (Special Code for Healthcare) Therefore, to avoid legal conflicts, gaps, duplications, technical flaws, and vague norms found in current health care legislation discussed in the ‘prompt action’ domain of issues, unification, and codification of healthcare laws is desirable. Owing to significant influence from the continental legal system on patients’ rights the Pakistani legal system offers an opportunity for such unification by the creation of what might be titled the ‘Special Code of Healthcare.’ This approach can eliminate the need for different definitions for identical or similar terms and concepts, and would help to avoid conflicts, inconsistencies, and other gaps currently found both in terms of legal procedure and content due to which the patients in Pakistan are enormously being violated without halt. Therefore, making bases to this study, a package of legislative amendments was presented to the ministry of labor, health, and soon the Ministry will review the suggested amendments and orchestrating to issue orders to fine-tune deficiencies in the country’s health care legislation. The study has additionally accommodated as a reference guide for the Ministry’s legislative work, whose deliberations in this realm are underway, therefore, legislation to rectify the deficiencies, imperfections, gaps and lapses in the domestic legislation can be ascertained in two parts: PART-I Based on these findings, a number of recommendations follow and the problematic issues fall into three steps: Prompt Action Here we deal with technical legal flaws i.e. definitions of Right to Information; Right to Consent; Right to Free Choice; Right to Privacy and Confidentiality; Right to Respect of Patients’ Time; Right to the Observance of Quality Standards; Right to Safety; Right to Avoid unnecessary Suffering and Pain; Right to Complain; and Right to Compensation, ‘informed consent’, ‘the rights of a patient’s relative’, and ‘implied consent’ can be categorized as prompt action to act forthwith and without delay. Such problems do not need additional discussions about healthcare policy and for determining the rights we have discussed at length are supposed to be made available to all patients for which the recommendations offered are sufficient and adequate in order to make special legislation for administration of justice efficiently through setting up special courts and tribunals throughout Pakistan giving relief to aggrieved patients within the period of six months. As special baking, antiterrorist, consumers, labors etc courts are already set up in Pakistan in the interest of public. The patient relative should establish the priority ordering of ascending and descending relatives, or at least adopt the procedural framework established by Muhamdan laws determining different stages of heir: stage-1, (decedent’s children, spouse and parents, grandchildren, great grandchildren and great-great grandchildren), stage-2 (siblings of the decedent; nieces and nephews and their children) and stag-3 (grandparents; great grandparents), 4th class (uncles and aunts), 5th class (first cousins; their children). The ambiguity and vagueness of the terms and rights of Patients could be addressed by eliminating the word â€Å"etc.† or any other word creating doubts while interpreting it. Therefore, the new proposed legislation must ensure by clearly defining the terms ‘implied consent’ by providing an exhaustive list of the situations and legal triggers when implied consent can be invoked. As for as, the term medical malpractice is concerned the issue of unacceptably restrictive scope could be resolved by using the term â€Å"healthcare provider† instead of â€Å"physician etc† in defining the term â€Å"medical malpractice† because â€Å"healthcare provider† extends liability to other individuals and institutional entities involved in the provision of healthcare. To resolve the ambiguities, the legal definition of medical malpractice could be formulated as follows: â€Å"Medical malpractice shall be an unlawful action or act of omission of a healthcare provider, which has resulted in a patient’s death or disorganization of health, or has inflicted moral and/or material damage to a patient.† Likewise, in the realm of confidentiality, the proposed special law should be prepared so that a patient’s information be made available to third parties, including investigative bodies subject to provision of a court order. The proposed law must also specify when it is justified to disclose patient information for forensic medical examination purposes and either a court order or the consent of the patient or his or her legal representative must be required for disclosing the information. The proposed law on the Rights of Patients must expand the characterization of cases when information should be provided to next of kin or guardians of incapacitated individuals and it should also specify that patients possess the right to receive any other medical information related to their medical histories, treatment procedures, and personal identity. The obligations of medical professionals and institutions to provide information in such cases must be clearly delineated. Public Policy There is a rather large group of issues where legislative action can be taken only after choices and priorities are first determined in public policy arena and the issues falling under this category, recommendations of technical legal analysis are not sufficient for remedial legal framework; however, these findings do help flag legislative norms that must be fleshed out or otherwise amended. These ‘public policy’ issues include the scope, limit and circumstance under which ‘medical malpractice’, ‘confidentiality of information’, and ‘patients’ right to information etc can be determined. The situation is more complex regarding the issues in this domain, as decisions need to be made in the public policy area first and only then can these decisions be reflected in legislative reforms. Furthermore, ambiguities and controversies in the healthcare policy arena need to be resolved and priorities defined before legislative action. Deliberation Extensively Required The thesis has identified several topics i.e. as patient safety, rights of healthcare providers etc with respect to which there is neither any legislation nor there is any clear approach in the domestic legislative canon in Pakistan which requires conceptual consideration and synthesis of approaches. Only then, after those policy decisions have been made it will be possible to bring the legal framework into compliance with the requirements of a healthcare system emphasizing human rights in patient care. Hence, with regard to the issues in ‘deliberation extensively required’ as compared to the other categories, there is a longer road ahead before legislative amendments can be made to effectively address these issues. In the area of patient safety, Pakistan first needs to formulate a state policy on the topic and then bring the legislation into compliance with such policy. The work determines different stages of heirs mentioned above. The approach towards this issue should include at least two areas: regulation and implementation. For regulation, legislation needs to be improved with respect to patient rights and patient safety. For implementation, the competent and impartial authorized agency or authority be established to determine policy and safety standards etc at national level for enforcing these concepts in true letter and spirit. In addition, it is necessary to implement projects and activities aimed at eliminating specific risks that pose a danger to patient and provider occupational safety. To accomplish needed progress in the rights of healthcare providers, we recommend that a special section in the healthcare legislation of Pakistan be dedicated to regulating and guaranteeing the rights of healthcare providers as well. At least, legislative amendments must cover issues such as contractual rights of healthcare providers and protections covering faith and religion because here in Pakistan a general tradition is that people attribute any calamity or loss during the process of medical treatment as ‘Act of God or destination’. Part-II PM DC Reformation The role of the council is replete with criticism because of multiple reasons which we have already discussed earlier. Therefore, at this stage the following suggestions are given: The Council must function under strict check and balance system empowering and authorizing the same to reevaluate the registration, performance, terms and conditions of licenses of the healthcare professionals on annual basis by making required amendments and alteration in section 31 of the PM DC Ordinance, 1962 which empowers the council to cancel the registration of a negligent doctor, reads as, â€Å"The council (PM DC) in its discretion may refuse to permit the registration of any person or direct the removal altogether, for a specified period, of the name of any registered medical practitioner or dentist who has been convicted of any such offence; has been held by the council guilty of infamous conduct in any professional respect or who has shown himself to be unfit to continue in practice on account of ill mental health or other grounds.† Secondly, through a cumbersome procedure a complaint is supposed to filed by the aggrieved patient before the registrar or the legal head of the PM DC or the president regarding any negligence of doctors [1] but what would be the outcome or timeframe of such hectic procedure strictly followed by the aggrieved patient regarding the injury or loss he suffered through medical malpractice? Law is silent. Weather this council is authorized to take action against any private hospital? The ordinance is also silent about this as well. Here, on this point again the PM DC laws are completely silent which calls for overall reform of the Pakistan Medical Dental Council Ordinance, 1962 in line with international standards where many countries tried to reduce the risk of malpractice which cannot be eliminated 100% because the risk of mistakes and errors of judgment will always be there even if factors like self-interest are removed completely but in some hospital strict standard operating procedures that are checked and evaluated by third parties like, professional bodies of doctors, medical staff, state authorities and insurance companies. Since its establishments, the Council is being run and administered by medical practitioners for personal gains or joins the executive body as tool to run their private medical entities, units or set up and not for the benefit of the profession, the patients to diligently improving the standard of medical education, training and licensing and likewise, the body has almost no power to restore the license of a medical practitioner once it has been revoke. The basic and derived patients’ right (non-enforceable rights) also called ethical codes be incorporated along with the basic rights. The critics, objects this point because of its nonbinding character as these ethical codes have no statutory base, therefore, cannot be legally enforced. Voluntarily and non-enforceable basis of non-statutory code has drawbacks which could only be avoided through legislation. Part-III Amendments in PPC More so, a remedy through courts is always there but it adds more salt to the wound of aggrieved patients who is already suffered facing the prospect of losing a limb or his life. Therefore, the penalties for medical malpractice or negligence be introduced to prevent negligence from occurring if healthcare intentionally does anything with actus rea and mins rea the concerned be booked under penal code as well and all those laws giving them immunity be repealed. The quackery can’t be eliminated from our society unless with this regards some amendments are not introduced in PPC. S. (XXIX) of The Punjab Healthcare Commission Act, 2010 defines â€Å"quack† a pretender providing health services without having registration of the Medical and Dental Council, Council for Tibb, Council for Homeopathy and Nursing Council and saved its skin from criminal jurisdiction. Section 40 PPC defines word a thing made punishable by PPC, and further defines in section 44 word injury as any harm illegally caused to any person, in body, mind, reputation or property and section 416 personation, a person is said to cheat by personation if he cheats by pretending to be some other person, or by knowingly substituting one person for another, or representing that he or any other person is a person other than he or such other person really is while section 419 deals with Punishment for cheating by personation: Whoever cheats by personation shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to seven years, or with fine, or with both. Unfortunately, quackery can be made an offence by making a slight amendment in PPC in the sections mentioned above but domestic trends protect this menace under the garb of technicalities. The question arises why so far against quackery none has been booked under penal code? Part-IV Miscellaneous Steps Awareness through electronic and print media: Average patients don’t know about their rights exactly what kind of service or limitations of their expectations. Separate Road Track for Emergency Services National Highway Authority must ensure that a separate track is lying on all roads for emergency. At government level, the general public be trained through celebrating ambulance week periodically for educating the masses about handling the emergency situation. Rules for Prescription Format The researcher as precautionary measures suggest that there must be a prescribed format for prescription and overleaf written all the basic rights and remedies of patients, with mandatory additional note:- I have diagnosed on ___________the Day of __________and fully understood the nature of the ailment of Mr / Ms. /____________________ and I feel fully competent to deal with the nature of ailment, hence, don’t refer to any other specialist doctor. The rules for prescription must be modernized through review keeping in view the Article 11 of the EU Directive on Patients Rights Rules for Pharmacies At national level all drugs and medicines classified as either the ‘Over the Counter Drugs’ or ‘Prescription only Drugs’; the prescribed drugs must only be sold by the pharmacies on the prescription of registered medical practices by PM DC. Social Security Framework: Can we replace tort compensation with a social security framework that serves victims patients like in 1972, New Zealand introduced the first ‘Universal No-Fault Insurance Scheme’ that provide compensation by the government-run Accident Compensation Corporation irrespective of negligence or malpractice whose goal may be to achieve equality of compensation and reducing different costs of litigation. In the 1970s, Australia and the United Kingdom drew up proposals for similar no-fault schemes but they were later abandoned but in Pakistan with certain amendments in this sector the goals can be achieved. [1] www.dawn.com/news/711896/cases-of-medical-negligence-on-the-rise-2, browsed on 12-4-2014